By now you would be comfortable with our supplement tables and would be referring to it when the occasion demands that you do. Shri Occasion will be in the demanding mood henceforth. With reference tables in our supplement section, let's use our precious lesson space for new concepts.
Whenever i think of the चतुर्थी विभक्तिः, heroes of stories written by Victorian writers come to mind. Generous, masterful yet quick to express anger and jealousy. The चतुर्थी विभक्तिः governs an entire range of similar emotions.
One of our prime rules taught somewhere right at the beginning states that गम् (गच्छति) is governed by the द्वितीया विभक्तिः| No matter what form the गम् takes, in its avatar as a verb, in any tense or mood, the place that you go to is ALWAYS chosen from the द्वितीया विभक्तिः|
Similarly the चतुर्थी विभक्तिःgoverns the following धातु- s, when they appear in a sentence....
- दा (यच्छति) To give
- क्रुध् (क्रुध्यति) To be angry
- कुप् (कुप्यति) To be angry
- कथ् (कथयति) To tell
अहं यच्छामि I give. अहं फलं यच्छामि I give a fruit.
This much is clear. NOW is when the चतुर्थी makes its appearance.
अहं बालकाय फलं यच्छामि |
• Whoever i give the fruit to ( or for that matter, whoever i give or not give anything to) that whoever falls into the चतुर्थी विभक्तिः|
सः रामाय पुस्तकं यच्छति | राधा मालायै पुष्पं यच्छति | त्वं कृष्णाय जलं यच्छसि |
सा तस्मै ज्ञानं न यच्छति |
- Whoever i am angry( or not angry) with, that whoever falls into the चतुर्थी विभक्तिः - नृपः बालकाय कुप्यति/क्रुध्यति | नृपः बालकाय न कुप्यति |
- Whoever i wish to tell (or not tell) something to, that whoever falls into the चतुर्थी विभक्तिः- अहं शिष्याय कथयामि | अहं शिष्याय न कथयामि |
The person you tell (or do not tell), falls into the चतुर्थी विभक्ति and the person you speak (or do not speak to) falls into the द्वितीया विभक्ति |
Therefore अहं तस्यै कथयामि I tell her...maybe a story or a secret.
अहं तां वदामि I speak to her...softly. angrily, lovingly, whatever.
अहं तस्यै न कथयामि I अहं तां न वदामि I Crystal Clear?
Now let's take a look at the अव्यय s.
श्री गणेशाय नमः | (Have you ever heard of a श्री गणेशं नमः| Hope not. That would be an absolute no no.)
नमः is an अव्यय | It means " salutations " Whoever you do नमः to falls into the चतुर्थी विभक्तिः | Therefore शारदायै नमः | Salutations to Sharada.
श्री भवानीशङ्कराय नमः | श्री सोमनाथाय नमः | उमामहेश्वराभ्यां नमः | Both Uma and Maheshwar, therefore the dual. Similarly, लक्ष्मीनारायणाभ्यां नमः |
NOTE:
नमः is an अव्यय | The form of नमः never changes and is always used with the चतुर्थी विभक्ति| But नम् is a धातु and when used as a verb नम् (नमति), the verb form MUST agree with the subject.
For example: रामाय नमः| BUT अहं रामं नमामि | सः रामं नमति | त्वं रामं नमसि | i hope i have been able to explain this idea clearly.
Let's look at the स्व group: ( स्वस्ति ,स्वाहा, स्वधा )
These three mean " कल्याण हो" , "Let there be good/welfare" -
शिष्याय स्वस्ति |
स्वाहा is used while giving offerings for the Gods or oblations in the fire. In rituals that involve the Lord
e.g. ॐ प्राणाय स्वाहा |
स्वधा is used for rituals involving our forefathers / ancestors ....frequently in all the "श्राद्ध" ceremonies.
You will recognize these अव्यय s now in most vedic mantras, keep a watch out for when स्वाहा is used and when स्वधा |
All this while, if you have tried to translate the Sanskrit into English, you'd be making "funtastic" sentences. The king is angry for the boy. Yipes and double yipes. Now let's see where the चतुर्थी विभक्तिः makes perfect sense.
अहं स्नानाय सरोवरं गच्छामि I go to the lake for a bath.
सः पठनाय विद्यालयं गच्छति | He goes to school for study(!)
Lots of new concepts in this lesson but it was fun, wasn't it? Time now for the exercises in Lesson 15 A.
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