Lesson 58 ----- Shatr and Shanach, their passive forms. | Lesson Index

                                                                         Lesson 58.  Shatr and Shanach,  their passive forms.

I hope you have had a chance to do those exercises that I set you in Lesson 57,57A.  It should give you sufficient practice to handle today's lesson.
Do you remember how the passive forms of a verb are formed? Let's do a quick revision. (For such practice sessions I shall always take the प्रथमपुरुष- एकवचनम् लट् लकार as an example. That is what has been practiced from time immemorial. Use that form as a guide line to arrive at the other लकार s.)
A.
1. Take the root form of the verb. For example: गम् / लभ् 
2. Add to it a "य"; that would make it  गम्य / लभ्य
3. Add the आत्मनेपद - प्रत्यय and you finally land up with  गम्यते / लभ्यते ।
4. These are passive forms of the verb. They change only according to the पुरुषः and वचनम् of the "object turned subject."

B.
Well, exactly the same thing happens when you make a passive form of the
शतृ - शानच् Let's do it again point wise.  The difference is in point 4.
1. Take the root form of the verb. For example: गम् / लभ् 
2. Add to it a य; that would make it  गम्य/लभ्य
3. Add the आत्मनेपद शानच् - प्रत्यय and you finally land up with गम्यमान / लभ्यमान
4. These are participles and follow the noun/pronoun in three ways: लिङ्गम् \ वचनम्, \ विभक्तिः । Therefore you will have: गम्यमानम् , गम्यमानः, गम्यमाना and all the other forms in all the विभक्ति s.
5. Study the examples  that follow and then you will understand what the words mean:
खादन् बालकः = the boy who is eating
खाद्यमानः बालकः = the boy who is being eaten ( by something)

Similarly लिखन् will be talking about the "boy who is writing." and the लिख्यमान will qualify "whatever the boy is writing."
लिखन् बालकः लिख्यमानं पाठम् उत्पीठिकायाः उपरि स्थापयति ।
The boy who is writing, places the lesson which is being written (by him or by whomever) on the table.

Trust this example will iron out all the wrinkles that have dared to come on your forehead.                       

Back to further explanations:
Verbs that you create with A. are used in the कर्मणि वाक्य रचना ।
बालकेन ग्रन्थः पठ्यते । ( Please refer to our lessons on the passive construction in case you have forgotten how I've arrived at this.)
Words that we create with B.  are purely adjectives.

Now let's look at how the B.  words are used:
The boy is eating a fruit.

बालकः फलं खादति ।
The fruit is in the boy's hand.
फलं बालकस्य हस्ते अस्ति ।
The fruit which is being eaten (by the boy) falls from the boy's hand.
(बालकेन) खाद्यमानं फलं बालकस्य हस्तात् पतति ।

Do you see how I've used the passive form but in a कर्तरि - वाक्य - रचना?

Let's look at another example: (Look out for how I've changed the participle in the different tenses and moods. Also pay attention to the fact that those words marked bold are the object forms and therefore are in the द्वितीया विभक्तिः।Let go of the idea at this point in time that the passive voice insists that the object must be picked from the प्रथमा विभक्तिः। When Passive Participles are used in Active constructions, they are purely adjectives and must be chosen from the विभक्तिः that the sentence demands.)

The poem which is being read by me is on the table. (use of passive शतृ)
मया पठ्यमाना कविता उत्पीठिकायाः उपरि अस्ति ।

Please place this poem which is being read by me on the table.
कृपया मया पठ्यमानां कविताम् उत्पीठिकायाः उपरि स्थापयतु ।
 

The food which has been made is tasty. (use of passive क्त )
कृतं भोजनं रुचिकरम् अस्ति ।
Please accept the tasty food which has been made by me. (use of passive क्त )
मया कृतं रुचिकरं भोजनं कृपया स्वीकरोतु । 

The modak which should be eaten by her is still on the plate. (use of passive
यत्/तव्यत्/अनीयर् )
तया खाद्यः मोदकः अधुना अपि स्थालिकायाः उपरि अस्ति । / तया खादितव्यः मोदकः अधुना अपि स्थालिकायाः उपरि अस्ति । / तया खादनीयः मोदकः अधुना अपि स्थालिकायाः उपरि अस्ति ।
Give that modak which should be eaten to the boy waiting outside the house.
तं खादनीयं मोदकं गृहात् बहिः तिष्ठते बालकाय ददातु ।

What is most important is to set your mind free….. spend a little time with these words and you will see how very flexible they are. Don't feel so bound to grammar rules that you are unable to bring creativity into your thoughts.

Let's try out a few worksheets to help break free!

                                                      We move on to Lesson 58 A. Exercises with the Passive and Active Participles.
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